ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease and affects many organs of the body including oralmucosa. Exfoliative cytology can be used to detect the effects of diabetes on buccal mucosa cells.Aim: The present study will evaluate the qualitative changes (cytomorphology) of buccal mucosal cells in type 2diabetic patients and compare that with the non-diabetic individuals of South Gujarat region.Materials and Method: Present study was done on 50 type 2 diabetic patients (case) and 50 healthy individuals(control) selected as per exclusion and inclusion criteria. Procedure was explained to the participants andinformed written consent was taken. Buccal mucosa smears were taken and stained with Pap’s stain. 100 cellsof each Pap stained smear was examined under a research microscope for various cytomorphological changes.Smears were examined for cell morphology like binucleation, pyknosis, perinuclear halo, cytoplasmic granules,karyolysis, karyorrhexis, cytoplsmic vacuoles and micronuclei. All data were noted and subjected to statisticalanalysis.Results: Mean values of binucleated cells, pyknotic cells, perinuclear halo, cytoplasmic granules, karyolyticcells, karyorrhectic cells, cytoplasmic vacuoles and micronuclei were noted in controls and cases. Significantdifferences in between non-diabetic control and diabetic cases for mean values of binucleation (p<0.001),pyknosis (p<0.001), perinuclear halo (p<0.001), cytoplasmic granules (p<0.001), karyolysis (p=0.026) andkaryorrhexis (p<0.001) was observed. But no significant differences in the mean cells for cytoplasmic vacuoles(p=0.109) and micronuclei (p=0.176) were found between diabetics cases and non-diabetics control.Conclusion: The results of present study showed that buccal mucosa of diabetic case group is associated withsignificant differences in the mean values of qualitative changes like binucleation, pyknosis, perinuclear halo,cytoplasmic granules, karyolysis and karyorrhexis when compare to non-diabetic control group. Diabetesproduces significant qualitative (cytomorphologic) changes in the buccal mucosa cells that can be documentedby exfoliative cytology.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Lumbrical muscles, though small in size, have a significantly greater role to play in the intricate movements of the fingers.The great functional significance and morphological variations of lumbrical muscles as described in the literature, prompted us to undertake a detailed study of these muscles to know more about it and its significant value in the design of surgical procedures. Methods: We dissected lumbricals of hands of 40 human adult cadavers which were available from the Department of Anatomy. In the present study, variation in origin (include architecture), insertion (include split insertions, misplaced insertions or absence of muscles), the lengths of muscle belly and tendon of all lumbricals were studied and noted. Results: We found variations were more common on the right side. The second lumbrical was bipennate in 12.5% cases. The third lumbrical showed split insertion in 15% cases. The fourth lumbrical showed misplaced insertion in 10% cases. The proximal attachment of lumbricals can extend into the carpal tunnel (specially first and second) in 15% cases. Conclusion: The study provides valuable information to surgeons thus avoiding complications from local anesthetic, surgical and other invasive procedures.